Donkey Kong is Nintendo’s 1981 arcade game, created under the direction of Shigeru Miyamoto during a period when Nintendo of America needed a new cabinet game for unsold Radar Scope arcade machines. Its original Japanese title was Donkey Kong; Nintendo chose “donkey” to suggest stubbornness and “Kong” as an association with a large ape. The game was first released in Japan in July 1981, then reached North America later that year. The story begins when Jumpman, the character later known as Mario, tries to rescue his girlfriend Pauline from Donkey Kong. The ape has carried Pauline to the top of a construction-site structure, throwing barrels and other hazards toward Jumpman. Each of the arcade game’s four distinct screens gives the player a route upward: the famous barrel stage, a rivet-removal stage, an elevator stage, and a stage involving springs. The player controls Jumpman with a joystick and one jump button, using ladders and avoiding barrels, fireballs, and other dangers. A hammer can temporarily let him destroy enemies. Miyamoto designed Donkey Kong after Nintendo could not secure a Popeye license for the project; the resulting characters loosely filled the roles of a hero, a damsel in distress, and an antagonist. Donkey Kong was notable for combining platforming with a narrative conveyed through brief animated scenes, an unusual emphasis for an early arcade game. Its success made Nintendo of America a major arcade presence and helped establish Mario as Nintendo’s central character, although he was not called Mario in the original arcade game. Nintendo later released several home versions and ports, including adaptations for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. The 1994 Game Boy title Donkey Kong expanded the original premise with many additional puzzle-platform levels. The arcade original also initiated a franchise that later produced Donkey Kong Jr., Donkey Kong 3, and the Donkey Kong Country series. Donkey Kong Jr., released in 1982, is especially notable because Mario appears as the opponent, guarding the captured ape. In 2004, Nintendo released Mario vs. Donkey Kong for Game Boy Advance, revisiting the rivalry in a puzzle-oriented format. A legal dispute also became part of the game’s history. In 1982, Universal City Studios sued Nintendo, alleging that Donkey Kong infringed King Kong. A federal court ruled for Nintendo in 1983; the litigation became significant in Nintendo’s American business history and exposed Universal’s inconsistent claims about King Kong rights in the dispute over that character.
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